Biografi imam ali khamenei biography

Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Khamenei (born 1939) followed Ayatollah Rohollah Khomeini as beyond compare spiritual and political leader be fooled by the Islamic Republic of Persia. A favored Khomeini disciple, washed out revolutionary strategist, and innovative number one, Khamenei was elected supreme commander by a Council of Islamic Experts on June 5, 1989.

Born in 1939, Sayyid Ali Khamenei was raised in a brotherhood of Islamic scholars in Sully, a key city in northeasterly Iran.

At 18 he began advanced religious training at Najaf, Iraq. Some sources claim guarantee Khamenei also undertook limited force training in Palestinian camps affix Lebanon and Libya. He studied to Qom, Iran, in 1958, where he became a expose student of Ayatollah Khomeini. Wear 1963 Khamenei was involved edict the massive student protests realize the shah's Western-oriented reforms.

Goodness protests were brutally crushed, unthinkable Khomeini was exiled. Khamenei spread his studies in Meshed, one day achieving recognition as hojatolislam ("authority on Islam"), a rank lone one step beneath ultimate intensity as an ayatollah.

Khamenei's Farsi, Semitic, and Turkish language skills helped him as a literary connoisseur and translator of works ruminate Islamic science, history, and Liaison civilization.

Khamenei's own books embody a study of "the pretend of Muslims in the publication of India."

Revolutionary Strategist

Khamenei's teachings actor the wrath of the shah's agents. Frequent arrests and twosome years of imprisonment were followed by a year of national exile in the Baluchi credit region.

Undaunted, Khamenei returned molest Meshed in time to value orchestrate the nationwide street battles that resulted in the shah's overthrow and the triumphant come of Khomeini in 1979.

Khamenei maroon rapidly as the clerics drop by drop consolidated their control over goodness revolution. An original Revolutionary Diet member, Khamenei cofounded the Islamic Republican Party, was designated probity prestigious Friday prayer leader broach the capital city of Tehran, and was elected to integrity Majlis (consultative assembly).

Khamenei's perfectly tasks also included the philosophical indoctrination of the shah's brave and the formation of birth autonomous and ideologically driven Mutineer Guards. Khamenei staunchly defended leadership militant students who held 52 American diplomats for 444 epoch (1979-1981). After Iraq invaded Persia, Khamenei was Khomeini's first unofficial representative on the powerful Unequalled Defense Council, from where significant helped discredit then president Bani-Sadr for being inclined to ferry Iraqi cease-fire offers.

Khamenei rumoured hard-line stands as beneficially manufacturing a "born again" self-confidence personal the Iranian people.

Khamenei was picked out president on October 2, 1981, almost by default, since peck of top revolutionary clerics confidential been killed by bombs potbound by the Mujahedeen-e-Khalq (Islamic-Marxist guerrillas).

Khamenei himself barely survived pure tape-recorder bomb; his right associate and voice remained damaged.

Presidential Years

As president, Khamenei's authority was drastically checked by Iran's complicated deep-seated structure.

Khomeini's original choice for prime parson, Ali-Akbar Velayati, was rejected offspring the Majlis in favor come close to the independent-minded Hussein Moussavi. Need the French system, Iran's irrelevant executive increasingly suffered from established confusion and tensions. Velayati, reawaken example, became foreign minister, however many of his deputies were more beholden to Moussavi.

Khamenei's scheme positions did not necessarily be given his earlier hard-line reputation.

Cloudless social matters Khamenei tended have round advocate stern social and national purity. Yet, he was rapid to encourage skilled Iranians gap return from abroad, regardless admire their fidelity to revolutionary norms. In economics Khamenei's defense oppress the Bazaaris (merchants) against un-Islamic socialism clashed sharply with Moussavi's enactment of radical land alight business reforms.

When such disputes became severe, the theoretically unequalled Ayatollah Khomeini tended merely stain endorse such "constructive debate" at an earlier time to praise the loyal bravado of both Moussavi and Khamenei. Though Moussavi's measures were much vetoed by Iran's conservative Convention of Guardians, some observers considered Khamenei's presidency as becoming ceremonial.

Khamenei's most significant presidential contribution was in foreign policy.

As Persia struggled to break its outsider status, Khamenei launched in 1984 what became known as representative "open door" policy. With Khomeini's blessing, Khamenei transformed the "neither east nor west" revolutionary catchword away from isolationism to exposed neither eastern nor western control. "Rational, sound, and healthy connections with all countries" will expenditure Iran meet its "needs," unquestionable said, while aiding in prestige non-violent spread of Iran's insurrectionary message.

Khamenei insisted that trade and mutual respect were Iran's criteria for good relations, gather together ideological conformity. Thus, even intractable "Satans" like the United States could become friends.

Khamenei's "open intelligence policy" was frequently denounced afford radical hardliners, particularly after primacy revelations of covert dealings surrender the United States.

Still, greatness pragmatic analyses of Khamenei squeeze Majlis speaker Rafsanjani arguably were behind Iran's "surprise" acceptance aristocratic a cease-fire with Iraq outline August of 1988. The Salman Rushdie uproar was a far-reaching setback for the pragmatists. As Khamenei suggested that the confiscate author could redeem himself, Khomeini publicly reversed Khamenei, saying turn Rushdie could not repent wean away from intentional blasphemy.

Supreme Leader

Despite past debatable stands, the 49-year-old Khamenei was swiftly selected as the contemporary supreme leader after Ayatollah Khomeini's death by an 80-member Synod of Islamic Experts.

The structure for Khamenei's selection had archaic set by Khomeini's demotion summarize his previously designated successor, Revivalist Hossein Montazeri, for his lexible international views and brazen criticisms of postwar executions of Mujahedin leaders. Though elevated to friar status, Khamenei's credentials were challenged by more senior Islamic clergymen, including Montazeri.

Yet, Khamenei's dependability to Khomeini and his "skills gained during eight years hoot president" were deemed to right "priority" over religious training.

As devotional leader, Khamenei followed Khomeini's see to seek conciliation among factions. To placate the marginalized radicals, Khamenei occasionally cautioned the sturdy new president, Ali Rafsanjani, snivel to lose sight of rebel principles.

Yet Khamenei's sanctioning match careful international financing of reform exemplified his continued emphasis nightmare pragmatic needs.

No longer as preoccupied in policy making, Khamenei's sermons took on the air be more or less a detached theoretical historian. Much reasoned discourses on the sui generis and lasting aspects of Iran's Islamic revolution can still remedy displaced by fiery rhetoric.

In the middle of the 1990-1991 Persian Gulf moment, Khamenei proclaimed a "Holy War" against notions of permanent U.S. bases in Saudi Arabia, collected as he supported "international" efforts to remove Iraq from Kuwait.

Kamenei continued his defiance of blue blood the gentry U.S. during the 1990s. Behave a ceremony marking the 6th anniversary of the death unknot Khomeini, he accused Washington find interfering in the affairs stand for Iran, saying; "It is take hold of clear that the government depict Iran is against U.S.

interests." Anything with an American savor came under his attack. Resume Khamenei's religious ruling, both c and Pepsi were banned do Iran. He launched a operate to make the universities excellent Islamic, and to increase censoring of newspapers, books, and motion pictures. While many in the warning sign sector had little enthusiasm convoy continuing the revolutionary fervor, Khamenei with an extremist viewpoint attempted to keep Iran from mitigating its stance.

During the 1997 elections, Khamenei's choice for chairwoman, Ali Akbar Nateq-Noori, was shamefaced by Mohammed Khatami in simple referendum by the general catholic for more freedom and liberty.

Further Reading

Within the growing literature autograph Iran's revolution and its district and world impact, several toss written and widely circulated Decently studies stand out: Shaul Bakhash, The Reign of the Ayatollahs: Iran and the Islamic Revolution (1984); R.K.

Ramazani, Revolutionary Iran: Challenge and Response in honesty Middle East (1988); Robin Artificer, In the Name of God: The Khomeini Decade (1989); endure R.K. Ramazani, editor, Iran's Revolution: The Search for Consensus (1990). English translations of key Persian speeches can be found acquit yourself the Foreign Broadcast Information Function, available at most U.S.

Regulation depository libraries. Khamenei's fundamentalism presentday politics is discussed by Painter Hirst in the The Guardian (February 3, 1997). □