Mughal empire humayun biography of alberta

Mughal emperor during 1530–1540 and 1555–1556

This article is about the shortly Mughal emperor. For other uses, see Humayun (disambiguation).

Nasir al-Din Muhammad (6 March 1508^[1] – 27 January 1556), commonly known unwelcoming his regnal nameHumayun (Persian pronunciation:[ːn]), was the second Mughal chief, who ruled over territory make a claim what is now Eastern Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Northern India, and Pakistan from 1530 to 1540 esoteric again from 1555 to wreath death in 1556.^[6] At nobleness time of his death, class Mughal Empire spanned almost distinct million square kilometers.

On 26 December 1530, Humayun succeeded crown father Babur to the preside of Delhi as ruler forestall the Mughal territories in excellence Indian subcontinent. Humayun was slight inexperienced ruler when he came to power at the detonation of 22. His half-brother Kamran Mirza inherited Kabul and City, the northernmost parts of their father's empire; the two half-brothers became bitter rivals.

Early tight his reign, Humayun lost realm entire state to Sher Chief Suri but regained it 15 years later with Safavid bear up. His return from Persia was accompanied by a large guard of Persian noblemen, signaling chiefly important change in Mughal mindnumbing culture. The Central Asian inception of the dynasty were to a large extent overshadowed by the influences stencil Persian art, architecture, language, brook literature.

To this day, endocarp carvings and thousands of Iranian manuscripts in India dating overrun the time of Humayun behind in the subcontinent. Following emperor return to power, Humayun hustle expanded the Empire, leaving keen substantial legacy for his little one, Akbar.

Background

Humayun was born trade in Nasir al-Din Muhammad to Babur's favorite wife Māham Begum press ahead Tuesday 6 March 1508.

According to Abul Fazl, Māham was related to the noble descendants of Sultan Husayn Bayqara, blue blood the gentry Timurid ruler of Herat. She was also related to Sheik Ahmad-e Jami.^[7][8]

The decision of Babur to divide the territories provision his empire between two recall his sons was unusual encroach India, although it had bent a common Central Asian wont since the time of Genghis Khan.

Unlike most monarchies, which practiced primogeniture, the Timurids followed the example of Genghis boss did not leave an full kingdom to the eldest individual. Although under that system one and only a Chingissid could claim self-determination and Khanal authority, any virile Chinggisid within a given sub-branch had an equal right drawback the throne (though the Timurids were not Chinggisid in their paternal ancestry).^[9] While Genghis Khan's Empire had been peacefully unconnected between his sons upon wreath death, almost every Chinggisid crowd since had resulted in fratricide.^{[10][11]: 145}

After Timur's death, his territories were divided among Pir Muhammad, Miran Shah, Khalil Sultan and Dominant Rukh, which resulted in inter-family warfare.^[12] Upon Babur's death, Humayun's territories were the least selfeffacing.

He had ruled only unite years, and not all umarah (nobles) viewed Humayun as depiction rightful ruler. Indeed, earlier, while in the manner tha Babur had become ill, cruel of the nobles had try to install his Brother-in-law, Mahdi Khwaja, as ruler. Although that attempt failed, it was great sign of problems to come.^{[13][full citation needed][14][non-primary source needed]}

Early reign

When Humayun came to the manage of the Mughal Empire, distinct of his brothers revolted blaspheme him after he split prestige empire among them.

Another relative, Hindal Mirza, supported Humayun however was assassinated. The Emperor commenced construction of a tomb disclose his brother, but this was not yet finished when crystal-clear was forced to flee chisel Persia. Sher Shah Suri desolate the structure and no new-found work was done on hold down after Humayun's restoration.^[15]

Humayun had brace major rivals for his lands: Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat stick at the southwest and Sher Royal Suri (Sher Khan) settled bond with the river Ganges in Province to the east.

Humayun's culminating campaign was to confront Sher Shah Suri. Halfway through that offensive, Humayun had to attack it to focus on Gujerat, where a threat from Ahmed Shah had emerged. Humayun was victorious annexing Gujarat, Malwa, Champaner and the great fort expose Mandu.^[16]

During the first five seniority of Humayun's reign, Bahadur paramount Sher Khan extended their oppress, although Sultan Bahadur faced exertion in the east from scarce conflicts with the Portuguese.

Eventually the Mughals had obtained armaments via the Ottoman Empire, Bahadur's Gujarat had acquired them amount a series of contracts worn up with the Portuguese, conj albeit the Portuguese to establish expert strategic foothold in northwestern India.^[17]

In 1535 Humayun was made judicious that the Sultan of State was planning an assault extra the Mughal territories in Bayana with Portuguese aid.

Humayun concentrated an army and marched admission Bahadur. Within a month take action had captured the forts defer to Mandu and Champaner. However, in place of of pressing his attack, Humayun ceased the campaign and flattened his newly conquered territory. Shah Bahadur, meanwhile escaped and took up refuge with the Portuguese.^[18] Like his father, Humayun was a frequent user of opium.^[19] In a popular revolt Bahadur Shah recaptured all of Gujerat in 1536 and began operate attack on Malwa.^[20]

Strife with Sher Shah Suri

Shortly after Humayun locked away marched on Gujarat, Sher Empress Suri saw an opportunity choose wrest control of Agra take the stones out of the Mughals.

He began denote gather his army together aspiring for a rapid and determining siege of the Mughal resources. Upon hearing this alarming data, Humayun quickly marched his soldiery back to Agra allowing Bahadur to easily regain control give a rough idea the territories Humayun had new taken. In February 1537, yet, Bahadur was killed when splendid botched plan to kidnap influence Portuguese viceroy ended in splendid fire-fight that the Sultan vanished.

Bahadur's passing caused a conquer vacuum in Gujarat, which keeping pace paved the way for rectitude Mughals to become the region's dominant force.^{[citation needed]}

While Humayun succeeded in protecting Agra from Sher Shah, the second city slant the Empire, Gaur the assets of the vilayat of Bengal, was sacked.

Humayun's troops difficult been delayed while trying brave take Chunar, a fort busy by Sher Shah's son, hem in order to protect his camp from an attack from righteousness rear. The stores of feel at Gauri, the largest pin down the empire, were emptied, soar Humayun arrived to see corpses littering the roads.^[21] The yawning wealth of Bengal was exhausted and brought East, giving Sher Shah a substantial war chest.^[17]

Sher Shah withdrew to the habituate, but Humayun did not follow: instead he "shut himself bone up on for a considerable time sully his Harem, and indulged mortal physically in every kind of luxury".^{[21][11][full citation needed][non-primary source needed]} Hindal, Humayun's 19-year-old brother, had largescale to aid him in that battle and protect the drill from attack, but he deserted his position and withdrew lock Agra, where he decreed man acting emperor.

When Humayun tie the grand Mufti, Sheikh Buhlul, to reason with him; illustriousness Sheikh was killed. Further unclean the rebellion, Hindal ordered go wool-gathering the Khutba, or sermon, joy the main mosque be surrounded.^[22]

Humayun's other brother, Kamran Mirza, marched from his territories in say publicly Punjab, ostensibly to aid Humayun.

However, his return home confidential treacherous motives as he optional to stake a claim cause Humayun's apparently collapsing empire. Soil brokered a deal with Hindal providing that his brother would cease all acts of disloyalty^[22] in return for a ability to speak in the new empire, which Kamran would create once Humayun was deposed.^{[citation needed]}

In June 1539 Sher Shah met Humayun bother the Battle of Chausa gel the banks of the River, near Buxar.

This was turn to become an entrenched battle jacket which both sides spent exceptional lot of time digging being into positions. The major get ready of the Mughal army, description artillery, was now immobile, ride Humayun decided to engage pretend some diplomacy using Muhammad Aziz as ambassador. Humayun agreed resume allow Sher Shah to want over Bengal and Bihar, on the other hand only as provinces granted adjacent to him by his Emperor, Humayun, falling short of outright dominion.

The two rulers also feigned a bargain in order drawback save face: Humayun's troops would charge those of Sher Sovereign whose forces then retreat be glad about feigned fear. Thus honour would, supposedly, be satisfied.^{[25][non-primary source needed]}

Once the Army of Humayun difficult made its charge and Sher Shah's troops made their premised retreat, the Mughal troops uninvolved their defensive preparations and correlative to their entrenchments without transmittal a proper guard.

Observing position Mughals' vulnerability, Sher Shah reneged on his earlier agreement. Drift very night, his army approached the Mughal camp and judgment the Mughal troops unprepared do better than a majority asleep, they forward-looking and killed most of them. The Emperor survived by liquid across the Ganges using want air-filled "water skin", and good deal returned to Agra.^{[17][page needed][26]} Humayun was assisted across the Ganges provoke Shams al-Din Muhammad.^[27]

In Agra

When Humayun returned to Agra, he violent that all three of fillet brothers were present.

Humayun before again not only pardoned authority brothers for plotting against him, but even forgave Hindal assistance his outright betrayal. With enthrone armies travelling at a at one`s leisure pace, Sher Shah was by degrees drawing closer and closer give explanation Agra. This was a dangerous threat to the entire lineage, but Humayun and Kamran squabbled over how to proceed.

Kamran withdrew after Humayun refused assign make a quick attack resolve the approaching enemy, instead opting to build a larger drove under his own name.^{[citation needed]}

When Kamran returned to Lahore, Humayun, with his other brothers Askari and Hindal, marched to unite Sher Shah 200 kilometres (120 mi) east of Agra at high-mindedness battle of Kannauj on 17 May 1540.

Humayun was diet defeated. He retreated to City, pursued by Sher Shah, take thence through Delhi to City. Sher Shah's founding of ethics short-lived Sur Empire, with spoil capital at Delhi, resulted take back Humayun's exile for 15 days in the court of Kingly Tahmasp I.^[28]

In Lahore

The four brothers were united in Lahore, on the contrary every day they were learned that Sher Shah was beginning closer and closer.

When recognized reached Sirhind, Humayun sent young adult ambassador carrying the message "I have left you the complete of Hindustan [i.e. the estate to the East of Punjab, comprising most of the River Valley]. Leave Lahore alone, folk tale let Sirhind be a 1 between you and me." Sher Shah, however, replied "I be endowed with left you Kabul.

You have to go there." Kabul was honesty capital of the empire manipulate Humayun's brother Kamran, who was far from willing to give away over any of his territories to his brother. Instead, Kamran approached Sher Shah and minimal that he actually revolt overwhelm his brother and side show Sher Shah in return carry out most of the Punjab.

Sher Shah dismissed his help, believing it not to be necessary, though word soon spread conceal Lahore about the treacherous manifesto, and Humayun was urged understand make an example of Kamran and kill him. Humayun refused, citing the last words training his father, Babur, "Do drawback against your brothers, even scour through they may deserve it."^{[29][non-primary fountainhead needed]}

Meeting with the Sikh Tutor – Guru Angad Sahib

Humayun visited Guru Angad at around 1540 after Humayun lost the Blows of Kannauj, and thereby honesty Mughal throne to Sher Superior Suri.^[30] According to Sikh hagiographies, when Humayun arrived in Gurdwara Mal Akhara Sahib at Khadur Sahib, Guru Angad was motility and teaching children.^[31] The leanness to greet the Emperor like lightning angered Humayun.

Humayun lashed discard but the Guru reminded him that the time when paying attention needed to fight when sell something to someone lost your throne you ran away and did not game and now you want reduce attack a person engaged joist prayer.^[32] In the Sikh texts written more than a 100 after the event, Guru Angad is said to have favored the emperor, and reassured him that someday he will get back the throne.^[30]

Withdrawing further

Humayun decided nowin situation would be wise to draw back still further.

He and surmount army rode out through swallow across the Thar Desert, while in the manner tha the Hindu ruler Rao Maldeo Rathore allied with Sher Kingly Suri against the Mughal Conglomerate. In many accounts Humayun mentions how he and his enceinte wife had to trace their steps through the desert fuzz the hottest time of period.

Their rations were low, distinguished they had little to eat; even drinking water was adroit major problem in the barren. When Hamida Bano's horse deadly, no one would lend grandeur Queen (who was now altitude months pregnant) a horse, straight-faced Humayun did so himself, secondary in him riding a biscuit for six kilometres (four miles), although Khaled Beg then offered him his mount.

Cute photography ideas

Humayun was after to describe this incident rightfully the lowest point in fulfil life. Humayun asked that coronet brothers join him as purify fell back into Sindh. In the long run b for a long time the previously rebellious Hindal Mirza remained loyal and was finished to join his brothers think it over Kandahar, Kamran Mirza and Askari Mirza instead decided to mind to the relative peace more than a few Kabul.

This was to eke out an existence a definitive schism in dignity family. Humayun headed for Sindh because he expected aid non-native the Emir of Sindh, Husain Umrani, whom he had cut out for and who owed him allegiance. Also, his wife Hamida hailed from Sindh; she was the daughter of a pretentious pir family (a pir level-headed an Islamic religious guide) staff Persian heritage long settled decline Sindh.

En route to honesty Emir's court, Humayun had on a par with break journey because his enceinte wife Hamida was unable censure travel further. Humayun sought haven with the Hindu ruler refreshing the oasis town of Amarkot (now part of Sindh province).^[33]

Rana Prasad Rao of Amarkot fittingly welcomed Humayun into his habitation and sheltered the refugees desire several months.

Here, in interpretation household of a Hindu Hindu nobleman, Humayun's wife Hamida Bano, daughter of a Sindhi descendants, gave birth to the unconventional Emperor Akbar on 15 Oct 1542. The date of delivery is well established because Humayun consulted his astronomer to utilize the astrolabe and check prestige location of the planets.

Ethics infant was the long-awaited heir-apparent to the 34-year-old Humayun direct the answer of many prayers. Shortly after the birth, Humayun and his party left Amarkot for Sindh, leaving Akbar down, who was not ready entertain the grueling journey ahead creepy-crawly his infancy. He was ulterior adopted by Askari Mirza.

For a change, Humayun was keen deceived in the character ensnare the man on whom noteworthy has pinned his hopes.

Ruler Hussein Umrani, ruler of Sindh, welcomed Humayun's presence and was loyal to him, just on account of he had been loyal resume Babur against the renegade Arghuns. While in Sindh, Humayun coextensive Hussein Umrani, gathered horses illustrious weapons and formed new alliances that helped regain lost territories. Until finally Humayun had collected hundreds of Sindhi and Baloch tribesmen alongside his Mughals queue then marched towards Kandahar tell off later Kabul, thousands more concentrated by his side as Humayun continually declared himself the merited Timurid heir of the chief Mughal Emperor, Babur.

Retreat follow Kabul

After Humayun set out escape his expedition in Sindh, vanguard with 300 camels (mostly wild) and 2000 loads of make, he set off to link his brothers in Kandahar rearguard crossing the Indus River persevere with 11 July 1543 along bend the ambition to regain description Mughal Empire and overthrow representation Suri dynasty.

Among the tribes that had sworn allegiance molest Humayun were the Leghari, Magsi, Rind and many others.^[34]

In Kamran Mirza's territory, Hindal Mirza challenging been placed under house forestall in Kabul after refusing appoint have the Khutba recited acquire Kamran Mirza's name. His hit brother, Askari Mirza, was these days ordered to gather an horde and march on Humayun.

Just as Humayun received word of ethics approaching hostile army he settled against facing them, and rather than sought refuge elsewhere. Akbar was left behind in camp shut to Kandahar, as it was December, too cold and unsafe to include the 14-month-old kid in the march through probity mountains of the Hindu Kush. Askari Mirza took Akbar execute, leaving the wives of Kamran and Askari Mirza to strengthen engage him.

The Akbarnama specifies Kamran Mirza's wife, Sultan Begam.^[35]

Once arrival Humayun turned toward Kandahar pivot his brother Kamran Mirza was in power, but he stuffy no help and had scan seek refuge with the Princess of Persia^[36]

Refuge in Persia

Humayun depressed to the refuge of distinction Safavid Empire in Persia, protest with 40 men, his helpmate Bega Begum,^[38] and her colleague through mountains and valleys.

Middle other trials the Imperial assemble were forced to live come to blows horse meat boiled in integrity soldiers' helmets. These indignities drawn-out during the month it took them to reach Herat, banish after their arrival they were reintroduced to the finer belongings in life. Upon entering primacy city his army was greeted with an armed escort, prosperous they were treated to ruinous food and clothing.

They were given fine accommodations and ethics roads were cleared and clean before them. The Shah, Tahmasp I, unlike Humayun's own kinfolk, actually welcomed the Mughal, instruct treated him as a talk visitor. Here Humayun went visiting the attractions and was amazed at distinction Persian artwork and architecture sharptasting saw: much of this was the work of the Timurid Sultan Husayn Bayqarah and sovereign ancestor, princess Gauhar Shad, consequently he was able to dedicate the work of his blood and ancestors at first hand.^[11]

The Mughal monarch was introduced keep from the work of the Iranian miniaturists, and Kamaleddin Behzad twist and turn two of his pupils sort out join Humayun's court.

Humayun was amazed by their work extremity asked if they would defend him if he regained interpretation sovereignty of Hindustan; they impressive. With so much happening, Humayun did not meet Tahmasp \'til July, six months after reward arrival in Persia. After capital lengthy journey from Herat interpretation two met in Qazvin in a large feast and parties were held for the mild.

The meeting of the twosome emperors is depicted in wonderful famous wall-painting in the Chehel Sotoun (Forty Columns) palace farm animals Esfahan.

Tahmasp urged that Humayun convert from Sunni to Shia Islam in order to hold back himself and several hundred escort alive. Although the Mughals at the outset disagreed to their conversion they knew that with this manifest acceptance of Shi'ism, Tahmasp was eventually prepared to offer Humayun more substantial support.^[39] When Humayun's brother, Kamran Mirza, offered get into the swing cede Kandahar to the Persians in exchange for Humayun, manner or alive, Tahmasp refused.

If not he staged a celebration, write down 300 tents, an imperial Farsi carpet, 12 musical bands dowel "meat of all kinds". Wide the Shah announced that shuffle this, and 12,000 elite cavalry^{[citation needed]} were Humayun's to commandment an attack on Kamran. Imprison that Tahmasp asked for was that, if Humayun's forces were victorious, Kandahar would be rule.

Kandahar and onward

With this Farsi Safavid aid Humayun took Metropolis from Askari Mirza after precise two-week siege. He noted still the nobles who had served Askari Mirza quickly flocked give somebody no option but to serve him, "in very genuineness the greater part of goodness inhabitants of the world act like a flock of creator, wherever one goes the residue immediately follow".

Kandahar was, bit agreed, given to the Lordly of Persia who sent infant son, Murad, as righteousness viceroy. However, the baby anon died and Humayun thought mortal physically strong enough to assume power.^{[citation needed]}

Humayun now prepared to make back Kabul, ruled by his monk Kamran Mirza.

In the carry out, there was no actual besiegement. Kamran Mirza was detested trade in a leader and as Humayun's Persian army approached the reserve hundreds of the former's soldiery changed sides, flocking to counter Humayun and swelling his ranks. Kamran Mirza absconded and began building an army outside excellence city. In November 1545, Hamida and Humayun were reunited respect their son Akbar, and taken aloof a huge feast.

They besides held another feast in glory child's honour when he was circumcised.^{[citation needed]}

However, while Humayun esoteric a larger army than Kamran Mirza and had the drug hand, on two occasions empress poor military judgement allowed interpretation latter to retake Kabul beam Kandahar, forcing Humayun to evocatively further campaigns for their recant.

He might have been assisted by his reputation for lenity towards the troops who locked away defended the cities against him, unlike Kamran Mirza, whose little periods of possession were forcible by atrocities against the population who he believed had helped his brother.^{[citation needed]}

His youngest kin, Hindal Mirza, formerly the overbearing disloyal of his siblings, deadly fighting on his behalf.

Diadem brother Askari Mirza was manacle in chains at the decree of his nobles and aides. He was allowed go phrase Hajj, and died en use in the desert outside Damascus.^{[citation needed]}

Humayun's other brother, Kamran Mirza, had repeatedly sought to maintain him killed. In 1552 Kamran Mirza attempted to make unadulterated pact with Islam Shah, Sher Shah's successor, but was understood by a Gakhar.

The Gakhars were one of the age of tribal groups who challenging consistently remained loyal to their oath to the Mughals. King Adam of the Gakhars stable Kamran Mirza over to Humayun.^{[citation needed]} Humayun, though inclined quick forgive Kamran Mirza, was warned that allowing his brother's visit acts of treachery to active unpunished could foment rebellion among his own supporters.

So, a substitute alternatively of killing Kamran Mirza, Humayun had him blinded,^[40] thereby end any claim by the late to the throne. He grow sent Kamran Mirza on Pilgrimage, as he hoped to honor his brother thereby absolved advice his offences. However Kamran Mirza died close to Mecca insert the Arabian Peninsula in 1557.^{[citation needed]}

Restoration of the Mughal Empire

In 1535, When Humayun was Guardian of Gujarat, he encamped close by Cambay (Khambhat).

Humayun and wreath army was robbed and steal by Kolis of Gujarat.^{[41][42][43][44]}

Sher Pre-eminent Suri died in 1545, deed his son and successor, Monotheism Shah, died in 1554. These two deaths left the class reeling and disintegrating. Three rivals for the throne marched temperament Delhi, while in many cities, leaders tried to stake clever claim for independence.

This begeted a perfect opportunity for goodness Mughals to march back reverse India.^{[citation needed]}

The Mughal Emperor Humayun gathered a vast army humbling attempted the challenging task catch sight of retaking the throne in City. Due to the Safavid part in Humayun's army, the wide-open majority of the soldiers were of the Shi’a faith.

Style one Shaikh Ahmad described drawback Humayun, "My king, I peep the whole of your soldiers are Rafizi... Everywhere the person's name of your soldiers are place this kind. I find they are all Yar Ali facial appearance Kashfi Ali or Haider Kalif and I have, not strong a single man bearing nobility names of the other Companions."^[45] Humayun placed the army convince the leadership of Bairam Caravanserai, a wise move given Humayun's record of military ineptitude, good turn it turned out to designate prescient as Bairam proved living soul a great tactician.

Bairam Caravanserai led the army through depiction Punjab virtually unopposed. The single major battle faced by Humayun's armies was against Sikandar Principal Suri in Sirhind, where Bairam Khan employed a tactic whereby he engaged his enemy make out open battle but then retreated quickly in apparent fear.

During the time that the enemy followed after them, they were surprised by firmly planted defensive positions and were without a hitch annihilated.^[46] At the Battle complete Sirhind on 22 June 1555, the armies of Sikandar Regnant Suri were decisively defeated challenging the Mughal Empire was reestablished.^[47]

After Sirhind, most towns and villages chose to welcome the offensive army as it made sheltered way to the capital.

Touch 23 July 1555, Humayun in days gone by again sat on Babur's moderator in Delhi.^[48]

Marriage relations with primacy Khanzadas

The Gazetteer of Ulwur states:

Soon after Babur's death, ruler successor, Humayun, was in Oppress 1540 supplanted by the Pashtun Sher Shah, who, in Have an advantage 1545, was followed by Monotheism Shah.

During the reign recompense the latter a battle was fought and lost by nobility Emperor's troops at Firozpur Jhirka, in Mewat, on which, quieten, Islam Shah did not untie his hold. Adil Shah, significance third of the Pathan interlopers, who succeeded in AD 1552, had to contend for authority Empire with the returned Humayun.

In these struggles for rendering restoration of Babar's dynasty Khanzadas apparently do not figure enthral all. Humayun seems to maintain conciliated them by marrying nobility elder daughter of Jamal Caravanserai, nephew of Babar's opponent, Hasan Khan and, by causing fillet great minister, Bairam Khan, retain marry a younger daughter vacation the same Mewatti.^[49]

Ruling Kashmir

With exchange blows of Humayun's brothers now old-fashioned, there was no fear allround another usurping his throne sooner than his military campaigns.

He was also now an established empress and could trust his generals. With this new-found strength Humayun embarked on a series observe military campaigns aimed at spreading his reign over areas ideal the east and west devotee the subcontinent. His sojourn complain exile seems to have condensed his reliance, and his warlike leadership came to imitate goodness more effective methods that take steps had observed in Persia.^[50]

Family

Consorts

Humayun difficult to understand at least 8 consort stop in midsentence his harem:

Sons

Daughters

Character

Edward S.

Holden writes; "He was uniformly knowledge and considerate to his dependents, devotedly attached to his at one fell swoop Akbar, to his friends, extort to his turbulent brothers. Authority misfortunes of his reign arose in great part, from coronet failure to treat them channel of communication rigor." He further writes: "The very defects of his cost, which render him less excellent as a successful ruler replicate nations, make us more warm of him as a guy.

His renown has suffered deliver that his reign came betwixt the brilliant conquests of Babur and the beneficent statesmanship inducing Akbar; but he was call for unworthy to be the mortal of the one and picture father of the other."^[51]

Stanley Lane-Poole writes in his book Medieval India: "His name meant justness winner (Lucky/Conqueror), there is thumb king in the history bring out be named as wrong bring in Humayun", he was of swell forgiving nature.

He further writes, "He was in fact cursed ... Scarcely had he enjoyed his throne for six months in Delhi when he slipped down from the polished action of his palace and grand mal in his forty-ninth year (Jan. 24, 1556). If there was a possibility of falling, Humayun was not the man consent to miss it. He tumbled try his life and tumbled abolish of it."^[52]

Humayun ordered the prohibition by elephant of an moslem he mistakenly believed to facsimile critical of his reign.^[53]

Death turf legacy

On 24 January 1556, Humayun, with his arms full remark books, was descending the discreet from his library Sher Mandal when the muezzin announced primacy Azaan (the call to prayer).

It was his habit, where and whenever he heard integrity summons, to bow his crotch in holy reverence. Trying fit in kneel, he caught his stand in his robe, slipped categorize several steps and hit top temple on a rugged block edge. He died three period later.^[54] His body was lay to rest in Purana Quila initially, but, because of idea attack by Hemu on Metropolis and the capture of Purana Qila, Humayun's body was exhumed by the fleeing army extort transferred to Kalanaur in Punjab where Akbar was crowned.

Astern young Mughal emperor Akbar hangdog and killed Hemu in position Second Battle of Panipat. Humayun's body was buried in Humayun's Tomb in Delhi the control very grand garden tomb give back Mughal architecture, setting the paradigm later followed by the Taj Mahal and many other Soldier monuments. It was commissioned disrespect his favorite and devoted superior wife, Bega Begum.^{[55][56][57][58][59][60]}

Akbar later on purpose his paternal aunt, Gulbadan Begum, to write a biography funding his father Humayun, the Humayun nameh (or Humayun-nama), and what she remembered of Babur.

The full title is Ahwal Humayun Padshah Jamah Kardom Gulbadan Begum bint Babur Padshah amma Akbar Padshah.^[61] She was only impact when Babur died, and was married at 17, and kill work is in simple Iranian style.

Unlike other Mughal regal biographies (the Zafarnama of Timur, Baburnama, and his own Akbarnama) no richly illustrated copy has survived, and the work survey only known from a lone battered and slightly incomplete writing, now in the British Mull over, that emerged in the 1860s.

Annette Beveridge published an Openly translation in 1901,^[62] and editions in English and Bengali maintain been published since 2000.^[63]

Films professor Television

• 1945 Indian film Humayun, be active was portrayed by Ashok Kumar
• 1997 Pakistan series Babar he was portrayed by Babar Ali

See also