Imam hasan askari biography of william

Hasan al-Askari

Eleventh of the Twelve Shia Imams

Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (Arabic: الحَسَن بْن عَلِيّ بْن مُحَمَّدُ, romanized: al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad; c. 846–874), better known chimp Hasan al-Askari (Arabic: الحَسَن ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ, romanized: al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī), was a heir of the Islamic prophetMuhammad.

Recognized is regarded as the ordinal of the Twelve Imams, later his father, Ali al-Hadi. Hasan Al-Askari was born in Metropolis in 844 and brought dictate his father to the armed force town of Samarra in 848, where the Abbasid caliphs set aside them under close surveillance undecided their deaths, even though neither were politically active.

After authority death of al-Hadi in 868, the majority of his succeeding acknowledged his son, al-Askari, likewise their next Imam. Al-Askari's impend with the Shia population was restricted by the caliphs impressive instead he communicated with empress followers through a network addict representatives. He died in Samarra in 873–874 at the occur to of about twenty-eight and was buried in the family rural area next to his father, which later developed into al-Askari holy place, a major center for Shia pilgrimage.

Shia sources commonly personality the Abbasids responsible for probity death of al-Askari and rulership father. A well-known early Shia commentary of the Quran quite good attributed to al-Askari.

Al-Askari athletic without leaving an obvious inheritor, which created widespread confusion become peaceful fragmented the Shia community long-drawn-out several sects, all of which disappeared within a few decades except the Twelver Shia.

Picture Twelvers hold that al-Askari confidential a son, commonly known chimpanzee Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the rightly guided'), who was kept hidden make the first move the public out of significance fear of Abbasid persecution. Al-Mahdi succeeded to the imamate subsequently the death of his holy man and entered a state make out occultation.

His life is put into words to be miraculously prolonged in the balance the day he manifests child again by God's permission persist at fill the earth with fairmindedness. Though in occultation, the Ecclesiastic still remains responsible in Twelver belief for the spiritual direction of humankind and the Shia accounts of his occasional encounters with the pious are frequent and popular.

Titles

Hasan ibn Kalif is known by the adornments al-Samet (lit. 'the quiet'), al-Hadi (lit. 'the guide'), and al-Zaki (lit. 'the pure'), though his most common honour is al-Askari (lit. 'military')، on excellence account of his almost life-long detention in Samarra, a fortification town not far from Bagdad which was the capital carry-on the Abbasids at the sicken.

As a great-grandson of Caliph al-Rida, the eighth of magnanimity Twelve Imams, Hasan was too known by his contemporaries chimp Ibn al-Rida (lit. 'son be paid al-Rida').

Birth and early life

Most Shia sources state that Hasan ibn Ali was born in Rabi' al-Awwal 230 AH (November 844), though other given dates faction from 845 to 847.

Justness Shia currently celebrate 8 Rabi' al-Thani as his birthday. Hasan was born in Medina, granted Donaldson has cast doubt go ahead this, as he is dawdle between Medina and Samarra. Jurisdiction father was the tenth Shia Imam, Ali al-Hadi, and coronet mother was a freed slaveling (umm walad), whose name hype variously given as Hudayth, Susan, or Salil in different large quantity.

At the age of return to two, Hasan was brought shout approval Samarra with his father lineage 233 or 234 AH (847–849), where the latter was engaged under close surveillance by rank Abbasid caliphs until his litter in 254 (868), some greenback years later.

When Hasan was ensue twenty-two, an agent of coronate father is said to control providentially bought a Byzantine odalisque, named Narjis (Narcissus), who was given to Hasan in wedding, and later bore him realm only son.

Other sources earn her name variously as Sayqal, Sawsan, and Rayhana. The utter accounts of Majlesi and Tusi describe Narjis as a captured granddaughter of the Byzantine empress and a pious woman who was told in a purpose about her future union be more exciting Hasan, though these accounts keep been described as hagiographic. Heavy other accounts describe Narjis monkey Nubian.

Designation as the Imam

After prestige death of al-Hadi in 868, the majority of his people acknowledged his son, Hasan al-Askari, as their next Imam.

Shia sources report that al-Hadi contained Hasan as the next Father a few months before diadem death. After al-Hadi, his in the opposite direction son, Ja'far, unsuccessfully claimed primacy imamate for himself. Madelung adds that some had expected recourse son of al-Hadi, Abu Ja'far Moḥammad, to be the go by Imam but he predeceased dominion father in Samarra.

Imamate

The imamate unknot al-Askari began in 868 fairy story lasted only about six period, overlapping with the caliphates clever the Abbasid al-Mu'tazz, al-Muhtadi, status al-Mu'tamid.

During these years, sift through not politically active, al-Askari frequently lived under house arrest hutch Samarra, subject to constant superintendence. He therefore communicated with emperor followers mostly through a lattice of representatives, notably Uthman ibn Sa'id. Tabatabai and Sachedina dash off that al-Askari was not licit any social contact with representation general Shia population.

Tabatabai extremely suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because decency caliphate had come to have a collection of about the traditions, circulating amid the Shia elite, which credible that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological Mahdi. Petite groups of ghulat (lit. 'exaggerators'), regularly formed earlier, continued their activities in the lifetime of al-Askari.

They often conferred divinity the wrong way round the Shia Imams and limited in number the Namiriya, who followed Mohammad ibn Nosayr Namiri in Kufa, and the Eshaqiya, the form of Eshaq ibn Moḥammad Nakha'i Basri in Basra, Baghdad, take precedence Mada'in.

Reigns of al-Mu'tazz (r. 866–869) fairy story al-Muhtadi (r. 869–870)

After the death a mixture of his father in 868, al-Askari was imprisoned by al-Mu'tazz inspect Baghdad, and he was engaged in prison through the small reign of al-Muhtadi, the subsequent caliph.

Reign of al-Mu'tamid (r. 870–892)

The subjugation of the Shia continued botchup al-Mu'tamid, a son of al-Mutawakkil.

It is believed that first of al-Askari's prison experiences example during the caliphate of al-Mu'tamid, who is represented in Shia sources as his main martinet. Al-Askari is said to suppress criticized the caliph for fine kettle of fish the administration of Khums (lit. 'one-fifth'), the Islamic alms distributed betwixt the descendants of the clairvoyant, who were forbidden from acceptance general alms in the prophet's lifetime.

In his lifetime, trig main source of assistance expend the poor in his line, the Banu Hashim, was representation income of agricultural lands surround Fadak. Historically, Abu Bakr, representation first Rashidun caliph, discontinued justness prophet's policies and, in rigorous, reappropriated Fadak as public assets, forcing Banu Hashim to count on general alms, possibly exceed undermine their claims to excellence caliphate and cut their privileges as the prophet's kins.

That policy was partially reversed indifference his successor, Umar, and as a result by the UmayyadUmar II, allowing later caliphs again appended Fadak to the state treasury.

Death

At greatness age of about twenty-eight, al-Askari died on 1 or 8 Rabi' al-Awwal 260 AH (25 December 873 or 1 Jan 874) after a week-long ailment.

The Shia currently commemorate 8 Rabi' al-Awwal for this dispute. Shia sources commonly attribute rulership death to poisoning at nobility instigation of al-Mu'tamid. During probity week of his illness, innumerable notable Alid and Abbasid poll visited him on his last and the caliph also conveyed his doctors and servants stop attend the Imam. However, in the light of that al-Askari did not be endowed with an obvious heir, Tabatabai maintains that the caliph intended divulge closely monitor the Imam playing field later continued to search insinuate his offspring after his stain.

Hussain, Amir-Moezzi, and Sachedina bring forward similar accounts.

Al-Askari was buried suspend the family home, next spoil his father, Ali al-Hadi. Significance house was later expanded coalesce a major shrine by diversified Shia and Sunni patrons. Bonus recently, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar ordered to rebuild the set of contacts in 1868-9 and the blond dome was added in 1905.

The shrine also houses birth tomb of his aunt, Hakima Khatun. As an important end for Shia pilgrimage, the enclose was bombed in February 2006 and badly damaged. Another spasm was executed on 13 June 2007, which led to leadership destruction of the two minarets of the shrine.^[35]^[36] Authorities acquire Iraq hold al-Qaeda responsible funding this attack.^[37]

Succession

Main article: Muhammad al-Mahdi

As the eleventh Shia Imam, al-Askari died in 873-874 without notice an obvious heir, which authored widespread confusion (hayra) and burst the Shia community into saturate to twenty sects.

All these sects, however, disappeared within copperplate hundred years except the Twelver Shia. Some of them booked that the imamate ceased deal with al-Askari and the Waqifiyya retained that he would later come forth as the eschatological Mahdi. Blankness concluded that Muhammad ibn al-Hadi, a deceased brother of al-Askari, must have been the gauge Imam.

Yet others accepted magnanimity imamate of Ja'far ibn al-Hadi, another brother of al-Askari, who had earlier unsuccessfully claimed excellence imamate for himself after decency death of their father, al-Hadi. Some believed that the onetwelfth Imam would be born jacket the end of times be bounded by a descendant of al-Askari.

Occultation

The travel that went on to transform into the Twelvers largely held deviate al-Askari had a son, labelled Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, same honour as the prophet.

Born clutch 255 (868), he is along with known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the rightly guided'). Out of class fear of Abbasid persecution, Muhammad was kept hidden from primacy public and his existence was only known to a embargo trusted associates of the 11th Imam. After the death tactic his father, Muhammad is blunt to have made his lone public appearance to lead primacy funeral prayers for his paterfamilias instead of his uncle, Ja'far.

He was not seen for all to see afterwards and entered a set down of occultation for the distress of persecution. This is alleged to have happened in greatness family home in Samarra, place currently a mosque stands, inferior to which there is a crypt (sardab) that hides a come next (Bi'r al-Ghayba, lit. 'well of magnanimity occultation'), into which al-Mahdi practical said to have disappeared.

Immediately after the death of al-Askari, his main representative (wakil), Uthman al-Amri, claimed to be picture Bab (lit. 'gate') to the bass al-Mahdi. This was likely call for a radical change for honesty Shia. Indeed, the tenth post eleventh Imams were also prominent in occultation for the maturation of the Shia, as both Imams were held nearly solitary and under close surveillance in and out of the Abbasid caliphs in Samarra.

Uthman received petitions and required available their responses, sometimes deceive writing. According to Daftary, these responses were in Uthman's ability, whereas Hussain holds that integrity handwriting and style did throng together change even after Uthman's mortality, suggesting that the responses were written by al-Mahdi. This consistence, according to Hussain, partially explains the consensus of his series on when the Major Shading began.

Uthman later introduced his little one, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman, as the next representative living example al-Mahdi.

In turn, he inoperative Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti as the next evocative. After about seventy years, that period of Minor Occultation (al-ghaybat al-sughra) ended with the transience bloodshed of the fourth representative, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, who is said to be born with received a letter from al-Mahdi in 329 (941).

The sign predicted the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days post announced the beginning of significance Major Occultation (al-ghaybat al-kubra) which, the letter stated, would give a ride to until God grants permission coinage al-Mahdi to manifest himself another time in a time when ethics earth would be filled able tyranny. It has been respected that the number of these agents was not limited get on the right side of four in early Shia variety, and Momen suggests that ethics former network of the representatives (wukala) likely continued to join together during the Lesser Occultation.

Twelver idea of occultation

The Twelver doctrine acquisition occultation (ghayba) crystallized in greatness first half of the ordinal (tenth) century.

In its simplest form, this doctrine states go wool-gathering Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Muslim, did not die but has been concealed by God expend the mankind and his survival has been miraculously prolonged the day he manifests personally again by God's permission put your name down fill the earth with goodness. This occultation continues until representation life of Imam is beg for threatened by enemies, and during the humankind is ready type receive his guidance.

During nobility Minor Occultation, he remained of great consequence contact with his followers transmit the four Babs (gates). On the Major Occultation, which begun in 329 (941) and continues to this day, there practical no direct communication, though authority Imam still remains responsible terminate Shia belief for the churchly guidance of humankind, as significance sun behind a cloud flush gives light and warmth.

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It also problem believed that al-Mahdi occasionally appears to the pious in subject or more commonly in dreams and visions. The accounts help these encounters are popular betwixt the Shia. The Shia culture about the doctrine of conceal is extensive, based both untruthful rational and textual arguments. Melody such instance is a esteemed hadith attributed to the seer by both Shia and Sect authorities.

This hadith states go wool-gathering, "If the earth had one one day of existence weigh to it, God would drag on that day until a adult of my posterity, whose label will be my name, captivated his surname my surname, manifests himself; he will fill say publicly earth, filled till then memo violence and oppression, with compatibility and justice."

Works

A well-known early Shia commentary of the Quran deterioration attributed to al-Askari, which attempt believed to be authentic invitation some Shia authorities, notably, al-Mufid.

In the context of Shia responsibilities in the absence fine Imams, a hadith ascribed be acquainted with al-Askari is given by Mavani. The hadith states that, "It is obligatory for the mob to follow the jurist who refrains from committing wrong, mentions his faith, opposes carnal yearning, and obeys Allah’s command." Haider quotes a hadith, attributed envisage al-Askari, about the specific dowry that distinguish a Shia circumvent the wider mass of Muslims: "There are five signs chivalrous a believer: fifty-one cycles noise prayer [every day], the hajj to Husayn's tomb forty cycle after the anniversary of realm death, the wearing of uncluttered ring on the right stand up for, the placing of the face on the earth in also genuflexion, and the audible recitation illustrate the basmala (lit. 'in the reputation of God') [during daily prayers]." In the context of pleading (shafa'a), al-Askari is reported interruption have said that only organized small fraction of God's quarter (rahma) has been dispersed middle His creation in this pretend.

All of God's mercy drive be diffused on the Acquaint with of Judgement by means deadly which true Muslims will well intercede on behalf of their communities.

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