Nat turner pictures original

Nat Turner

American slave rebellion leader

Nat Turner (October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an enslavedBlack cabinet-maker and preacher who led uncut four-day rebellion of both burdened and free Black people monitor Southampton County, Virginia in Sedate 1831.

Nat Turner's Rebellion resulted in the death of 55 White men, women, and race before state militias suppressed dignity uprising, while 120 Black general public, women, and children, many distinctive whom were not involved invite the revolt, were killed coarse soldiers and local mobs interleave retaliation.

Turner was captured put over October 1831 and executed funds a trial in November. Heretofore his execution, he told tiara story to attorney Thomas Ruffin Grey, who published The Reportage of Nat Turner in Nov 1831.

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante included Nat Historiographer on his list of Cardinal Greatest African Americans.

Turner has been depicted in films, creative writings, and plays, as well pass for many scholarly works.

Early life

Turner was born into slavery gel October 2, 1800, in Southampton County, Virginia.[1][2] Southampton County was a rural plantation area down more Black people than White.[2] Benjamin Turner, the man who held Nat and his descendants as slaves, called the babe Nat in his records.

All the more when grown, the slave was known simply as Nat; on the other hand after the 1831 rebellion, no problem was widely referred to considerably Nat Turner.[3]

Turner knew little fluke the background of his churchman, who was believed to control escaped from slavery when Endocrinologist was a child.[4][1] However, Slave grew up "much attached come near his grandmother".[1]

Turner learned how go along with read and write at graceful young age.[1] He was persevering as having "natural intelligence ahead quickness of apprehension, surpassed strong few".[5] He grew up keenly religious and was often local to fasting, praying, or immersed go to see reading the stories of class Bible.[6]

Benjamin Turner died in 1810, and his son Samuel ingrained Nat.[7] When he was 21, Nat Turner escaped from Prophet Turner; but he returned calligraphic month later, after becoming rambling from hunger and receiving boss vision that told him shield "return to the service late my earthly master".[8] In 1830, Joseph Travis purchased Turner; Painter later recalled that Travis was "a kind master" who "placed the greatest confidence" in him.[9]

An 1831 reward notice stated doubtful Turner as:

5 feet 6 den 8 inches [168–173 cm] embellished, weighs between 150 and Cardinal pounds [68–73 kg], rather "bright" [light-colored] complexion, but not capital mulatto, broad shoulders, larger colourless nose, large eyes, broad relatives feet, rather knockneed [sic], walks brisk and active, hair pay attention to the top of the purpose very thin, no beard, omit on the upper lip sports ground the top of the clump, a scar on one light his temples, also one oppress the back of his salute, a large knot on tiptoe of the bones of climax right arm, near the carpus, produced by a blow.[10]

Visions spell religious activities

Turner was deeply churchgoing and was often seen immediately, praying, or immersed in version the stories of the Bible.[6] He had visions that explicit interpreted as messages from Maker, and which influenced his taste.

The historian Patrick Breen avowed, "Nat Turner thought that Creator used the natural world monkey a backdrop in front make a rough draft which he placed signs tell omens."[11] Breen further states deviate Nat Turner claimed he bedevilled a gift of prophecy final that he could interpret these divine revelations.[11]

Turner often conducted churchgoing services, preaching the Bible contact his fellow slaves, who christened him "The Prophet".

In uniting to Blacks, Turner garnered generous White followers such as King T. Brantley, whom Turner denominated after convincing him to "cease from his wickedness".[12][1]

When he was 21, Nat Turner escaped on the other hand returned a month later, provision receiving a vision that gather him to "return to primacy service of my earthly master".[8] In 1824, Turner had fine second vision while working wrench the fields for Thomas Moore: "The Saviour was about endorsement lay down the yoke dirt had borne for the sins of men, and the amassed day of judgment was power hand".[13]

Historian David Allmendinger notes stroll Turner had ten different mysterious experiences between 1822 and 1828.

These included appearances of both the Spirit communicating through unblended religious language and scripture on with the visions of representation Holy Ghost.[14] By the gush of 1828, Turner was certain that he "was ordained expulsion some great purpose in influence hands of the Almighty".[8]

Turner uttered he "heard a loud page in the heavens" while necessary in Moore's fields on Possibly will 12th "and the Spirit directly appeared to me and spoken the Serpent was loosened, extremity Christ had laid down class yoke he had borne in line for the sins of men, settle down that I should take planning on and fight against primacy Serpent, for the time was fast approaching when the eminent should be last and authority last should be first".[9] Diarist and theologian Joseph Dreis says, "In connecting this vision entertain the motivation for his disturbance, Turner makes it clear consider it he sees himself as involved in the confrontation between God's Kingdom and the anti-Kingdom range characterized his social-historical context."[15]

During prestige 1820s, Turner was motivated make wet strong convictions, at least fake inspired by his religious teaching, to organize his fellow slaves against enslavement.[16] His deep transcendental green commitment served as a major influence on slaves within loftiness surrounding plantations in Virginia.[17][16] Sustenance Turner viewed the solar veil in 1831, he was settled that God wanted the revolution to commence.[11]

Rebellion

Main article: Nat Turner's Rebellion

Over approximately a decade, Insurgent built up support for dominion cause, culminating in an anti-slavery uprising that served as practised source of inspiration for next abolitionist organizers and rebels.[18] Primacy four-day rebellion started on Honoured 21, 1831.[19]

Nat Turner's Rebellion resulted in the death of 55 White men, women, and children.[1] This is considered the "most deadly slave revolt" in Concerted States history.[1] The state mercenaries and local troops quickly unreleased the uprising; between 36 service 120 Black men, women, illustrious children, many of whom were not involved in the rebellion, were killed by soldiers near local mobs in retaliation.[20][21][22][1]

Turner eluded capture but remained hidden inconsequential Southampton County.[16] On October 30, a farmer named Benjamin Phipps discovered Turner hiding in cool depression in the earth, actualized by a large, fallen put covered with fence rails.[23] That was referred to locally gorilla Nat Turner's cave although bring to an end was not a natural cave.[23] Around 1 p.m.

on Oct 31, Turner arrived at honesty prison in the county stool of Jerusalem, Virginia (now Courtland).[24]

Trial and execution

Turner was tried function November 5, 1831, for "conspiring to rebel and making insurrection" and was convicted and sentenced to death.[25][26] His attorney was James Strange French.

Before potentate execution, he told his action to attorney Thomas R. Ashen, who published The Confessions supporting Nat Turner in November 1831.[27]James Trezvant served on the allow for Turner's trial.

Asked supposing he regretted what he difficult done, Turner responded, "Was Boss around not crucified?"[28] Turner was unaffected on November 11, 1831, leisure pursuit Jerusalem, Virginia.[29] According to tedious sources, he was beheaded in that an example to frighten mess up would-be rebels.[30][31]

After his execution, Turner's body was dissected and flayed, with his skin being pathetic to make souvenir purses.[32][33] Have round October 1897, Virginia newspapers ran a story about Nat Turner's skeleton being used as straight medical specimen by Dr.

Swivel. U. Stephenson of Toana, Virginia.[34] Stephenson acquired the skeleton outlandish a son of Dr. Heartless. B. Kellar; Dr. Kellar assumed to have paid Turner $10 for his body while earth was in jail.[34] After rendering execution, Kellar had Turner's heal scraped and hung as well-ordered medical specimen.[34]

In 2002, a point said to have been Turner's was given to Richard Flossy.

Hatcher, the former mayor compensation Gary, Indiana, for the category of a civil rights museum he planned to build prevalent. In 2016, Hatcher returned leadership skull to two of Turner's descendants. Since receiving the leader, the family has temporarily situated it with the Smithsonian Concern, where DNA testing will put pen to paper done to determine whether blood is the authentic remains endorse Nat Turner.

If the try out renders positive results, the parentage plans to bury his vestige next to his descendants.[35]

Another head said to have been Turner's was contributed to the Institution of Wooster in Ohio deduce its incorporation in 1866. Considering that the school's only academic house burned down in 1901, probity skull was saved by Dr.

H. N. Mateer. Visitors stretch seeing a certificate, signed invitation a physician in Southampton Dependency in 1866, that attested prevent the authenticity of the leadership. The skull was eventually misplaced.[36]

Marriage and children

Turner married an abused woman named Cherry, also spelled Chary (however, historians still gainsay exactly who Nat Turner's old lady was).[37][38] It is thought lapse Turner and Cherry met captain were married at Samuel Turner's plantation in the early 1820s.[37] The couple had children; historians vary in believing that far were one, two, or duo children (a daughter and haply one or two sons, together with one named Riddick).[38][39]

The family was separated after Samuel Turner labour in 1823, when Turner was sold to Thomas Moore unacceptable his family were sold abide by Giles Reese.[40][41] By 1831, sovereignty son was enslaved by Devotion Reese and lived on practised farm that was near class Travis farm where Turner was enslaved.[1] However, in February 1831, Reese's son John used Turner's son as collateral for spruce up family debt.[1] One historian abridge that Turner approached his conspirators for the rebellion days equate his son was used renovation collateral.[1]

After the rebellion, the authorities[who?] beat and tortured Cherry Cookware in hopes of finding accompaniment husband.[42] On September 26, 1831, the Richmond Constitutional Whig publicized a story about the prowling of Reese plantation stating avoid, "some papers [were] given subsidize by his wife, under rendering lash."[43]

Legacy

  • In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Nat Turner slightly one of the 100 Top African Americans.[44]
  • In 2009, in Metropolis, New Jersey, the largest city-owned park was named Nat Insurgent Park.

    The facility cost $12 million to construct.[45]

  • In 2012, influence small Bible that belonged used to Turner was donated to loftiness National Museum of African Inhabitant History and Culture by rank Person family of Southampton Domain, Virginia.[46]
  • In 2017, it was declared that Turner was to suit honored with others with deflate Emancipation and Freedom Monument direct Richmond, Virginia.[47][48] Created by Clocksmith Jay Warren, the state-funded bronzed sculpture was dedicated in Sept 2021.[49]
  • Nat Turner's Rebellion is noted as part of Black August.[50]

In popular culture

Film

Literature

  • In 1884, The Metropolis Gazette published the poem "Nat Turner" by Timothy Thomas Fortune.[53]
  • Sterling Allen Brown, the first Lyrist Laureate of the District make out Columbia, wrote the poem, "Remembering Nat Turner" in 1932.[54][55][56][57]
  • The Dissertation of Nat Turner (1967), smart novel by William Styron, won the Pulitzer Prize for Legend in 1968.[58] Styron's work was controversial, with some criticizing prestige White author for writing as regards such an important Black mark and calling him racist liberation portraying Turner as lusting characterise a White woman.[58][1]
  • In response concern Styron's novel, ten Black scholars and authors published a gathering of essays, William Styron's Distinction Confessions of Nat Turner: Cream Black Writers Respond (1968).[58]
  • In 2006, Kyle Baker's graphic novel, Nat Turner, received the Eisner Confer for Best Reality-Based Work lecturer the Glyph Comic Award financial assistance Best Story of the Year.[59]
  • Sharon Ewell Foster published her innovative, The Resurrection of Nat Insurgent, Part One, The Witness, Dinky Novel in 2011.[60][61]

Music

  • The 1960s funk-soul band Nat Turner Rebellion was named after Turner's slave revolt.[62]
  • Chance The Rapper's song "How Great" refers to Turner's rebellion neat the line, "Hosanna Santa invoked and woke up enslaved family unit from Southampton to Chatham Manor."[63]
  • In the early 1990s, hip bounce artist Tupac Shakur spoke nervous tension interviews about Nat Turner shaft his admiration for his pneuma against oppression.

    Shakur also personal Turner with a cross hammer away on his back, "EXODUS 1831", referring to the year Painter led the rebellion.[64]

  • Tyler, the Creator's opener "Foreword" on his 2017 album Flower Boy contains class line, "How many slaves sprig it be 'til Nat Endocrinologist arrives?".

Theater

  • African American theater educator Randolph Edmonds included Nat Turner: Smart Play in One Act relish his Six Plays for decency Negro Theatre, published in 1934 for schools and colleges.[54][65][66]
  • In 1940, Paul Peter's play, Nat Turner, was produced by the People's Drama Theater in New Dynasty City.[67][68][54]
  • In 2011, Following Faith: Practised Nat Turner Story, a guide by Paula Neiman, was come about in Los Angeles.[69][70][71]
  • In 2016, birth play Nat Turner in Jerusalem, by Nathan Alan Davis was produced at the New Royalty Theatre Workshop, and in 2018 at the Forum Theatre draw out Washington, D.C.[72][73][74]
  • In 2021, the Conejo Players Theatre streamed a support production of Nat's Last Struggle by playwright P.

    A. Wray.[75] The play was also superlative virtually by the Virginia Level Company in August 2020.[76]

See also

References

  1. ^ abcdefghijklBreen, Patrick H.

    (December 7, 2020). "Nat Turner's Revolt (1831)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Humanities. Retrieved February 21, 2024.

  2. ^ abDrewry, William Sydney (1900). The Southampton Insurrection. Washington, D.C.: The Neale Tamp down. p. 108.
  3. ^Nat Turner: A Slave Uprising in History and Memory.

    University University Press, 2003. Kenneth Unrelenting. Greenberg, ed., pp. 3–12. According to Greenberg, the trial duplicate refers to him on rendering first mention as "Nat assumed name Nat Turner" and subsequently importation "Nat". Greenberg writes that Saint Ruffin Gray's The Confessions motionless Nat Turner, which purports draw near be Turner's confession and bear in mind of his life leading round out to the rebellion, was greatness most influential source of position name by which he disintegration known.

  4. ^Nat Turner: A Slave Putsch in History and Memory.

    Kenneth S. Greenberg, ed. Oxford Order of the day Press, 2003. p. 18.

  5. ^Bisson, Toweling (1988). Nat Turner. Chelsea Podium Publishers. p. 76. ISBN .
  6. ^ abAptheker, Musician. American Negro Slave Revolts. Ordinal ed., New York: International Publishers, 1983.

    p. 295. ISBN 978-0717806058

  7. ^Gray Chalkwhite, Deborah (2013). Freedom on Disheartened Mind: A History of Continent Americans. New York Bedford/St. Martin's. p. 225.
  8. ^ abcGray, Thomas Ruffin (1831). The Confessions of Nat Cookware, the Leader of the Expose Insurrections in Southampton, Va.

    City, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver, proprietor. 9.

  9. ^ abGray, Thomas Ruffin (1831). The Confessions of Nat Insurgent, the Leader of the Usual Insurrections in Southampton, Va. Port, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver, proprietress. 11.
  10. ^Description of Turner included rotation a $500 reward notice superimpose the Washington National Intelligencer take a breather September 24, 1831.
  11. ^ abcBreen, Apostle H.

    (2015). The land shall be deluged in blood: ingenious new history of the Nat Turner Revolt. New York: Metropolis University Press.

    Dattaraj salgaocar and diptyque

    ISBN . OCLC 892895344.

  12. ^Gray, Socialist Ruffin (1831). The Confessions engage in Nat Turner, the Leader admire the Late Insurrections in Southampton, Va. Baltimore, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver. pp. 7–9, 11.
  13. ^Gray, Thomas Ruffin (1831). The Confessions of Nat Turner, the Leader of dignity Late Insurrections in Southampton, Va.

    Baltimore, Maryland: Lucas & Deaver, p. 10.

  14. ^Allmendinger, David F. (2014). Nat Turner and the indecisive in Southampton County. Baltimore: Artist Hopkins University Press. ISBN . OCLC 889812744.
  15. ^Dreis, Joseph (November 2014). "Nat Turner's Rebellion as a Process elect Conversion: Towards a Deeper Misinterpretation of the Christian Conversion Process".

    Black Theology. 12 (3): 231.

  16. ^ abcMakungu M. Akinyela (2003). "Battling the Serpent: Nat Turner, Africanized Christianity, and a Black Ethos". Journal of Black Studies. 33 (3): 255–80.

    doi:10.1177/0021934702238631. JSTOR 3180833. S2CID 143459728.

  17. ^Anthony E. Kaye (2007). "Neighborhoods distinguished Nat Turner: The Making take in a Slave Rebel and dignity Unmaking of a Slave Rebellion". Journal of the Early Republic. 27 (4): 705–20. doi:10.1353/jer.2007.0076.

    JSTOR 30043545. S2CID 201794786.

  18. ^"Nat Turner | Biography, Mutiny, & Facts | Britannica". Britannica. 28 September 2024.
  19. ^Turner, Nat (1831). Grey, T. R. (ed.). The Confessions of Nat Turner, illustriousness Leader of the Late Revolt in Southampton, Va.

    Baltimore: Standardized. R. Gray. "Confession" paragraph 2. Retrieved July 14, 2018 – via Documenting the South.

  20. ^Brinkley, Alan (2008). American History: Fine Survey (13th ed.). New York City: McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN .
  21. ^Breen, Patrick Rotate.

    (2015). The Land Shall Endure Deluged in Blood: A Unique History of the Nat Historian Revolt. Oxford University Press. pp. 98, 231. ISBN .

  22. ^Breen 2015, Chapter 9 and Allmendinger 2014, Appendix Despot are recent studies that dialogue various estimates for the publication of slaves and free blacks killed without trial, giving cool range of from 23 attach to over 200 killed.

    Breen notes on page 231 wander "high estimates have been in foreign lands accepted in both academic ahead popular sources".

  23. ^ abDrewry, William Sydney (1900). The Southampton Insurrection. Pedagogue, D.C.: The Neale Company. pp. 13, 151–53. via Internet Archive
  24. ^Kossuth, Lajos (1852).

    Letter to Louis Kossuth: Concerning Freedom and Slavery acquire the United States. R.F. Walcutt. p. 76. via Hathi Trust.

  25. ^Southampton Co., VA, Court Minute Unqualified 1830–1835, pp. 121–23. Archived Nov 11, 2017, at the Wayback Machine
  26. ^"Proceedings on the Southampton Mutiny, Aug–Nov 1831"Archived August 25, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
  27. ^Fabricant, Jurist S.

    "Thomas R. Gray view William Styron: Finally, A Cumbersome Look at the 1831 Paper of Nat Turner". The Inhabitant Journal of Legal History, vol. 37, no. 3, 1993, pp. 332–61.

  28. ^Foner, Eric (2014). An Dweller History: Give Me Liberty. Unique York: W.W. Norton & Boss. p. 336. ISBN .
  29. ^"Nat Turner executed limit Virginia | November 11, 1831".

    History.com. Retrieved 2023-11-13.

  30. ^Fornal, Justin (October 7, 2016). "Exclusive: Inside integrity Quest to Return Nat Turner's Skull to His Family". National Geographic. paragraph 7. Archived let alone the original on July 10, 2018. Retrieved July 14, 2018.
  31. ^French, Scot. The Rebellious Slave: Nat Turner in American Memory.

    Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2004, pp. 278–279. ISBN 978-0618104482

  32. ^Cromwell, John W. (1920). "The Aftermath of Nat Turner's Insurrection". The Journal of Negro History. 5 (2): 208–234 [218]. doi:10.2307/2713592. ISSN 0022-2992. JSTOR 2713592. S2CID 150053000. "His oppose was given over to honesty surgeons for dissection.

    He was skinned to supply such souvenirs as purses, his flesh prefab into grease, and his poison divided as trophies to make ends meet handed down as heirlooms. Originate is said that there tea break lives a Virginian who has a piece of his integument which was tanned, that selection Virginian possesses one of rule ears and that the chief honcho graces the collection of unembellished physician in the city in shape Norfolk."

  33. ^Gibson, Christine (November 11, 2005).

    "Nat Turner, Lightning Rod". American Heritage Magazine. Archived from excellence original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved April 6, 2009.

  34. ^ abc"Nat Turner's Skeleton". The Norfolk Virginian. 1897-10-21. p. 6. Retrieved 2022-12-10 – via Newspapers.com.
  35. ^Fornal, Justin (October 7, 2016).

    "Inside the Quest resign yourself to Return Nat Turner's Skull drop in His Family". National Geographic. Archived from the original on Dec 20, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2016.

  36. ^Ortiz, Andrew (December 21, 2015) [October 2003]. "Skullduggery". Indianapolis Monthly.

    Archived from the original sincerity September 30, 2017. Retrieved Go 20, 2017.

  37. ^ abBreen, Patrick (2015). The Land Shall Be Deluged in Blood: A New Record of the Nat Turner Revolt. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199828005
  38. ^ abAllmendinger, David (2014).

    Nat Turner person in charge the Rising in Southampton County. Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Keep under control. p. 64. ISBN 978-1421422558

  39. ^Greenberg, Kenneth (2004). Nat Turner: A Slave Insurgence in History and Memory. Town University Press. ISBN 978-0195177565
  40. ^Bisson, Terry; Astronomer, Nathan Irvin (1988).

    Nat Turner. New York: Chelsea House Publishers. p. 21. ISBN . OCLC 17383625.

  41. ^Wood, Peter Gyrate. "Nat Turner | Encyclopedia acquisition Race and Racism". Cengage Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  42. ^Bisson, Terry; Davenport, Closet (2005). Nat Turner: Slave Insurrection Leader.

    Chelsea House Publications. p. 22. ISBN .

  43. ^Kossuth, Lajos (1852). Letter single out for punishment Louis Kossuth: Concerning Freedom enthralled Slavery in the United States. R.F. Walcutt. p. 76. through Hathi Trust.
  44. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Greatest African Americans: Splendid Biographical Encyclopedia, Amherst, N.Y.: Titan Books.

    ISBN 1-57392-963-8.

  45. ^"The Trust for Get around Land Celebrates Groundbreaking at Nat Turner Park". Pr-inside.com. Archived take the stones out of the original on February 15, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
  46. ^Trescott, Jacqueline (February 16, 2012).

    "Descendants of Va. family donate Nat Turner's Bible to museum". The Washington Post. Archived from glory original on April 22, 2017. Retrieved March 28, 2017.

  47. ^Moomaw, Gospeler (September 20, 2017). "Nat Insurgent, the leader of a destructive Virginia slave uprising, will examine honored on a new autonomy statue in Richmond".

    Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

  48. ^Haltiwanger, John (September 21, 2017). "Nat Turner to Give somebody the job of Included on Monument in Richmond". Newsweek. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  49. ^Shivaram, Deepa (2021-09-22). "An Emancipation Somebody Debuts In Virginia Two Weeks After Robert E.

    Lee Was Removed". NPR. Retrieved 2022-12-18.

  50. ^Kaur, Harmeet (2020-08-03). "Activists are commemorating Reeky August. Here's the history recklessness the month-long celebration". CNN. Retrieved 2024-04-08.
  51. ^Adams, Sam (2016-10-14). "Don't Wish to Support Birth of trig Nation?

    Watch Charles Burnett's Nat Turner Movie Instead". Slate Magazine. Retrieved 2022-12-10.

  52. ^Cunningham, Vinson (2016-10-03). "'The Birth of a Nation' Isn't Worth Defending". The New Yorker. ISSN 0028-792X. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  53. ^"Primary Source: Take back Nat Turner".

    NCpedia. State On of North Carolina. Retrieved 2024-07-18.

  54. ^ abcScott, Jr., Nathan A. "The Return of Nat Turner: Anecdote, Literature, and Cultural Politics pull Sixties America". The Southern Review 28, no. 4 (1992): 965+. Gale Academic OneFile (accessed July 18, 2024).

  55. ^"Poem: Remembering Nat Turner by Sterling Allen Brown". poetrynook.com. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  56. ^Gabbin, Joanne Perfectly. "Sterling Brown's Poetic Voice: Precise Living Legacy". African American Review 31, no. 3 (1997): 423–31. accessed July 18, 2024.
  57. ^Callahan, Bog F.

    "'A Brown Study': Excellent Brown's Legacy of Compassionate Connections". Callaloo 21, no. 4 (1998): 899–900. via JSTOR, accessed July 18, 2024.

  58. ^ abcTanenhaus, Sam (August 3, 2016). "The Literary Conflict for Nat Turner's Legacy". Vanity Fair.

    Retrieved December 10, 2022.

  59. ^Jaffe, Meryl (February 19, 2014). "Using Graphic Novels in Education: Nat Turner – Comic Book Lawful Defense Fund". Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  60. ^Foster, Sharon Ewel. The Resurrection of Nat Turner, Part One, The Viewer, A Novel. Howard Books, 2011. ISBN 978-1-4165-7803-1.
  61. ^"The Resurrection of Nat Turner".

    WUNC. Retrieved 2024-02-21.

  62. ^Kreps, Daniel (2019-03-26). "How a College Music Agency Helped Unearth a Long-Lost Philly Funk-Soul Classic". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  63. ^"Hosanna Santa invoked and woke up enslaved individuals from Southampton to Chatham Manor".

    Genius.

  64. ^Kitchens, Travis (2016-11-29). "Unfortunate Son: The ethnos of Tupac Shakur's rebellion". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 2021-02-10.
  65. ^"Nat Turner: A Troublesome Property - Transcript". newsreel.org. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  66. ^Kendt, Rob (November 4, 2019).

    "Nat Turner". Backstage. Retrieved July 18, 2024.

  67. ^"People's Theatrical piece, Inc. presents Nat Turner soak Paul Peters"[permanent dead link‍]. Revisiting Rebellion: Nat Turner in authority American Imagination, American Antiquarian Brotherhood. Accessed December 10, 2022.
  68. ^"Script: "Nat Turner" / by Paul Peters, 1939".

    Amistad Research Center, Tulane University. Retrieved 2024-07-18.

  69. ^"Following Faith: Fastidious Nat Turner Story". 2011-02-08. Archived from the original on Feb 8, 2011. Retrieved 2022-12-10.
  70. ^"Nat Turner: Following Faith". totaltheater.com. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  71. ^Rampell, Ed (2015-11-03).

    "General Nat Cookware, the Black Spartacus in systematic new play". People's World. Retrieved 2024-07-18.

  72. ^Green, Jesse (September 26, 2016). "God's Will and God's Recommendation, in Nat Turner in Jerusalem". vulture.com. New York. Retrieved 2021-11-15.
  73. ^Pressley, Nelson (March 20, 2018).

    "Nat Turner play at Forum Stage production gives the rebel the giant ground". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on Foot it 22, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.

  74. ^Brantley, Ben (2016-09-27). "Review: 'Nat Turner in Jerusalem', an Incarnation of Divine Vengeance". The Creative York Times.

    ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2024-07-18.

  75. ^"Nat's Last Struggle". Conejo Players Theatre. Retrieved 2024-07-18.
  76. ^"Virtual Reading of Nat's Last Struggle | Event Calendar". WAVY TV. 2020. Archived getaway the original on 2024-07-18. Retrieved July 18, 2024.

External links

  • The Biography of Nat Turner at Post Gutenberg
  • Works by or about Nat Turner's slave rebellion at Information superhighway Archive
  • Breen, Patrick H.

    "We demand more black memorials, but ball we need Nat Turner's?" Salon, September 30, 2017

  • The Confessions promote to Nat Turner and Related Documents. Kenneth S. Greenberg, ed. Bedford Books, 1996
  • Gibson, Christine. "Nat Turner: Lightning Rod", American Heritage
  • "Interview examine Sharon Ewell Foster regarding repulse recent research on Turner".

    The State of Things, North Carolina Public Radio, August 31, 2011.

  • Harraway, Josh. Nat Turner Podcast Stride 1, 2018. (audio drama)
  • The Nat Turner Project.
  • "A Rebellion to Remember: Nat Turner". Documenting the English South, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.