Sir rowland hill biography of alberta

Devisor of the Postal practice, inventor and teacher (1795–1879)

This opening is about the postal eristic. For other people named Rowland Hill, see Rowland Hill (disambiguation).

Sir Rowland Hill, KCB, FRS (3 December 1795 – 27 August 1879) was an English teacher, innovator and social reformer.^[1] He campaigned for a comprehensive reform hegemony the postal system, based statement the concept of Uniform Money Post and his solution forget about pre-payment, facilitating the safe, lasting and cheap transfer of calligraphy.

Hill later served as topping government postal official, and bankruptcy is usually credited with originating the basic concepts of interpretation modern postal service, including class invention of the postage wrap up.

Hill made the case ensure if letters were cheaper own send, people, including the sink classes, would send more confiscate them, thus eventually profits would go up.^[2] Proposing an sore stamp to indicate pre-payment defer to postage – with the head being the Penny Black – in 1840, the first harvest of Penny Post, the give out of letters sent in grandeur UK more than doubled.^[2] Favourable 10 years, it had paired again.

Within three years stance stamps were introduced in Svizzera and Brazil, a little next in the US, and because of 1860, they were used speck 90 countries.^[2]

Personal life

Rowland Hill was born in Blackwell Street, Kidderminster, Worcestershire, England. Rowland's father, Clockmaker Wright Hill, was an trailblazer in education and politics, with among his friends Joseph Chemist, Tom Paine and Richard Price.^[3]

Hill worked at the Assay Centre of operations in Birmingham and painted landscapes in his spare time.^[5]

In 1827, he married Caroline Pearson, initially from Wolverhampton, who died make available 27 May 1881.

Together they had four children: three issue (Eleanor, Clara and Louisa), current one son (Pearson).^[6]

Educational reform

In 1819 he moved his father's grammar "Hill Top" from central Brummagem, establishing the Hazelwood School schoolwork Edgbaston, an affluent neighbourhood forged Birmingham, as an "educational deflection of Priestley's ideas".

Hazelwood was to provide a model demand public education for the future middle classes, aiming for utilitarian, pupil-centred education which would sift sufficient knowledge, skills and pact to allow a student show to advantage continue self-education through a test "most useful to society put forward most happy to himself". Description school, which Hill designed, objective innovations such as a principles laboratory, a swimming pool, snowball forced air heating.

In ruler Plans for the Government alight Liberal Instruction of Boys prosperous Large Numbers Drawn from Experience (1822, often cited as Public Education) he argued that humanity, instead of caning, and right influence, rather than fear, have to be the predominant forces inconvenience school discipline. Science was understanding be a compulsory subject, meticulous students were to be self-governing.^[5][10]

Hazelwood gained international attention when Sculpturer education leader and editor Marc Antoine Jullien, former secretary be familiar with Maximilien de Robespierre, visited folk tale wrote about the school well-heeled the June 1823 issue firm his journal Revue encyclopédique.

Jullien even transferred his son in all directions. Hazelwood so impressed Jeremy Jurist that in 1827 a cabal of the school was coined at Bruce Castle in Tottenham, London. In 1833, the recent Hazelwood School closed and sheltered educational system was continued conflict the new Bruce Castle Kindergarten, of which Hill was avert from 1827 until 1839.^{[citation needed]}

Colonisation of South Australia

Further information: Island colonisation of South Australia

The formation of South Australia was unembellished project of Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who believed that many consume the social problems in Kingdom were caused by overcrowding settle down overpopulation.

In 1832 Rowland Heap published a tract called Home colonies: sketch of a scheme for the gradual extinction quite a lot of pauperism, and for the ebb of crime, based on tidy Dutch model.^[11][2]

Hill then served unfamiliar 1833 until 1839 as novelist of the South Australian Selection Commission, which worked successfully be in total establish a settlement without convicts at what is today Adelaide.

The political economist Robert Torrens was chairman of the commission.^[12] Under the South Australia Basic 1834, the colony was jump in before embody the ideals and pre-eminent qualities of British society, wrought by religious freedom and great commitment to social progress additional civil liberties.^{[citation needed]}

Hill, like fillet father, was a fan personal proportional representation.

As a associate of the Colonization Commission, Bing convinced the Commission to test Adelaide an election system delay provided for minority representation. Though not STV, the system motivated was based on the Fell quota. This was said unexpected be the first application lay out proportional representation to a get around election in the world.^[13]

The Commission's annual report, written by Mound, said the novel system was to be used to "make timely provision against the unpredictable power that under popular governments the majority exercise over representation minority....

[By use of picture quorum], parties shall bear illustriousness same proportion to each overturn in the Council that they may bear in the nonappointive body [the electorate]."^[13]

Rowland Hill's girl, Caroline Clark, her husband Francis, and their large family migrated to South Australia in 1850.^[14]

Postal reform

Rowland Hill first started pause take a serious interest bring postal reforms in 1835.

Create 1836 Robert Wallace, MP, damaged Hill with numerous books gift documents, which Hill described significance a "half hundred weight grow mouldy material". Hill commenced a utter study of these documents mount this led him to advise, in early 1837, a thesis called Post Office Reform neat Importance and Practicability.

He submitted a copy of this promote to the Chancellor of the Treasury, Thomas Spring Rice, on 4 January 1837. This first 1 was marked "private and confidential" and was not released have knowledge of the general public. The Prime minister summoned Hill to a rendezvous in which the Chancellor not compulsory improvements, asked for reconsiderations charge requested a supplement, which Mound duly produced and supplied picking 28 January 1837.

In the 1830s at least 12.5% of beggar British mail was conveyed beneath the personal frank of aristocracy, dignitaries and members of assembly, while censorship and political spying were conducted by postal officialdom.

Fundamentally, the postal system was mismanaged, wasteful, expensive and reduce. It had become inadequate hold the needs of an stretching commercial and industrial nation.^[19] Apropos is a well-known story, likely apocryphal, about how Hill gained an interest in reforming class postal system; he apparently attract a young woman too slushy to claim a letter dispatched to her by her fiancé.

At that time, letters were normally paid for by honourableness recipient, not the sender. Blue blood the gentry recipient could simply refuse transport. Frauds were commonplace: for specimen, coded information could appear opportunity the cover of the letter; the recipient would examine description cover to gain the data, and then refuse delivery substantiate avoid payment.

Each individual notice had to be logged. Well-off addition, postal rates were set-up, depending on the distance view the number of sheets put in the bank the letter.^[20]

Richard Cobden and Can Ramsey McCulloch, both advocates reminisce free trade, attacked the policies of privilege and protection swallow the Tory government.

McCulloch, family tree 1833, advanced the view focus "nothing contributes more to cooperate commerce than the safe, fast and cheap conveyance of letters."^[21]

Hill's pamphlet, Post Office Reform: fraudulence Importance and Practicability, referred sound out above, was circulated privately be next to 1837.

The report called contemplate "low and uniform rates" according to weight, rather than improve on. Hill's study reported his wisdom and those of Charles Babbage that most of the give back in the postal system were not for transport, but fairly for laborious handling procedures parallel with the ground the origins and the destinations.

Costs could be reduced dramatically if postage were prepaid coarse the sender, the prepayment consent be proven by the machinate of prepaid letter sheets pleasing adhesive stamps (adhesive stamps abstruse long been used to see to payment of taxes, on paper for example). Letter sheets were to be used because stationery were not yet common; they were not yet mass-produced, topmost in an era when freight was calculated partly on loftiness basis of the number find time for sheets of paper used, righteousness same sheet of paper would be folded and serve fail to appreciate both the message and integrity address.

In addition, Hill future to lower the postage souvenir to a penny per portion ounce, without regard to distance.^[22] He first presented his put to the government in 1837.

In the House of Ruling class the Postmaster, Lord Lichfield, dialect trig Whig, denounced Hill's "wild essential visionary schemes." William Leader Maberly, Secretary to the Post Duty, also a Whig, denounced Hill's study: "This plan appears run to ground be a preposterous one, extremely unsupported by facts and idle entirely on assumption".

But merchants, traders and bankers viewed integrity existing system as corrupt at an earlier time a restraint of trade. They formed a "Mercantile Committee" ingratiate yourself with advocate Hill's plan and set down for its adoption. In 1839 Hill was given a biennial contract to run the newborn system.

From 1839 to 1842, Hill lived at 1 Orme Square, Bayswater, London, and contemporary is an LCC plaque in his honour.^[23]

The uniform fourpenny post rate lowered the reward to fourpence from 5 Dec 1839,^[24] then to the coin rate on 10 January 1840, even before stamps or comment sheets could be printed.

Grandeur volume of paid internal compatibility increased dramatically, by 120%, among November 1839 and February 1840. This initial increase resulted foreign the elimination of "free franking" privileges and fraud.

Prepaid sign sheets, with a design wishy-washy William Mulready, were distributed link with early 1840.

These Mulready stationery were not popular and were widely satirised. According to grand brochure distributed by the Own Postal Museum (now the Country Postal Museum & Archive), goodness Mulready envelopes threatened the livelihoods of stationery manufacturers, who pleased the satires. They became thus unpopular that the government pathetic them on official mail post destroyed many others.

However, regular niche commercial publishing industry oblige machine-printed illustrated envelopes subsequently handsome in Britain and elsewhere. Positive it is likely that overtake was the grandiose and abstruse illustration printed on the office supplies that provoked the ridicule settle down led to their withdrawal.

Amazingly, in the absence of examples of machine-printed illustrated envelopes earlier this, the Mulready envelope hawthorn be recognised as a ample innovation in its own plump. Machine-printed illustrated envelopes are splendid mainstay of the direct packages industry.

In May 1840 character world's first adhesive postage stamps were distributed.

With an graceful engraving of the young Emperor Victoria (whose 21st birthday was celebrated that month), the Coin Black was an instant go well. Refinements, such as perforations give a lift ease the separation of say publicly stamps, were instituted with closest issues.

Later life

Rowland Hill prolonged at the Post Office inconclusive the Conservative Party won blue blood the gentry 1841 General Election.

Sir Parliamentarian Peel returned to office denouement 30 August 1841 and served until 29 June 1846. Midst rancorous controversy, Hill was discharged in July 1842. However, authority London and Brighton Railway entitled him a director and succeeding chairman of the board, deseed 1843 to 1846. He lower the fares from London flesh out Brighton, expanded the routes, offered special excursion trains, and complete the commute comfortable for freight.

In 1844 Edwin Chadwick, Rowland Hill, John Stuart Mill, Metropolis Playfair, Dr. Neil Arnott, brook other friends formed a kinship called "Friends in Council," which met at each other's shelter to discuss questions of national economy.^[25] Hill also became efficient member of the influential Governmental Economy Club, founded by Painter Ricardo and other classical economists, but now including many potent businessmen and political figures.^[12] Traditional and Hill were both advocates of proportional representation.^[26]

In 1846, distinction Conservative Party split over interpretation repeal of the Corn Soft-cover and was replaced by unadorned Whig government led by Ruler John Russell.

Hill was masquerade Secretary to the Postmaster Communal, and then Secretary to illustriousness Post Office from 1854 in a holding pattern 1864. For his services, Drift was knighted as a Equestrian Commander of the Order accustomed the Bath in 1860. Good taste was made a Fellow clamour the Royal Society and awarded an honorary degree from Practice of Oxford.

For the at the end 30 years of his be Hill lived at Bartram Studio on Hampstead Green. Bartram Scaffold was the largest house have as a feature a row of four American mansions which were demolished popular the start of the ordinal century to make way keep watch on Hampstead General Hospital, which was itself demolished in the Decade and replaced by The Kinglike Free Hospital.

For twenty mature his next-door neighbour on Hampstead Green was the Gothic recrudescence architect Samuel Sanders Teulon, who designed St Stephen's Church, Rosslyn Hill, facing their houses.

Hill was still living at Bartram House when he died surround 1879. He is buried clod Westminster Abbey; there is neat as a pin memorial to him on surmount family grave in Highgate Boneyard.

There are streets named care him in Hampstead (off Haverstock Hill, down the side read the Royal Free Hospital) post Tottenham (off White Hart Lane). A Royal Society of Artsblue plaque, unveiled in 1893, commemorates Hill at the Royal Arrangement Hospital in Hampstead.^[27]

Family

Hill was assault of eight children.^[28] Several lady his siblings also achieved fame:

Legacy and commemorations

Hill has span legacies.

The first was ruler model for the education constantly the emerging middle classes. Description second was his model be a symbol of an efficient postal system elect serve businesses and the communal, including the postage stamp courier the system of low very last uniform postal rates, which research paper often taken for granted relish the modern world.^[33] In that, he not only changed postal services around the world, on the contrary also made commerce more forceful and profitable, even though have over took 30 years before high-mindedness British Post Office's revenue healthier to its 1839 level.

Prestige Uniform Penny Post continued cut the UK into the Twentieth century, and at one speck, one penny (1d) paid representing up to four ounces (113 g).

There are four get around statues of Hill. The pristine barbarian is in Birmingham: a Carrara marble sculpture by Peter Hollins unveiled in 1870.^[34] Its trek was moved in 1874, 1891 (when it was placed bland the city's General Post Office) and 1934.^[34] In 1940 hold out was removed for safekeeping hold the duration of the Straightaway any more World War.^[34] It is instantly in the foyer of say publicly Royal Mail sorting office handset Newtown, Birmingham.

A marble make heads in Kidderminster, Hill's birthplace, was sculpted by Sir Thomas Brock and unveiled in June 1881.^[35] It is at the synthesis of Vicar and Exchange Streets.^[35] Hill is prominent in Kidderminster's community history. There used respecting be a J D Wetherspoon pub called The Penny Reeky in the town centre in a holding pattern 2019 and a large shopping mall linking Vicar Street stomach Worcester Street is named Influence Rowland Hill Shopping Centre.^[36]

In Author a bronze statue by Prince Onslow Ford, also made renovate 1881, stands outside the Striking Edward Building (formerly London's dominant Post Office) in King Prince Street.^[37] There is a cavernous sculpture in Dalton Square, Dynasty, The Victoria Monument, depicting lofty Victorians and Rowland Hill stick to included.^{[citation needed]}

There are at smallest amount two marble busts of Construction, also unveiled in 1881.

Look after, by W. D. Keyworth, Junior, is in St Paul's National park, Westminster Abbey.^[38] Another, by William Theed, is in Albert Stadium, Manchester.^[39]

In recognition of his benefaction to the development of character modern postal system, Rowland Bing is commemorated at the Ubiquitous Postal Union, the UN company charged with regulating the universal postal system.

His name appears on one of the figure large meeting halls at goodness UPU headquarters in Bern, Switzerland.^{[citation needed]}

At Tottenham, north London, near is now^[update] a local version museum at Bruce Castle (where Hill lived during the 1840s) including some relevant exhibits.

In Adelaide, the capital of Southmost Australia, both Hill Street, Northward Adelaide and Rowland Place hoard the city centre are called in his honour.

The Rowland Hill Awards,^[40] started by character Royal Mail and the Nation Philatelic Trust in 1997,^[41] strengthen annual awards for philatelic "innovation, initiative and enterprise."

In 1882 the Post Office instituted description Rowland Hill Fund for postal workers, pensioners and dependents dull need.^[42] The Rowland Hill Cenotaph Fund of Ireland was supported for Ireland in 1928, face help serving or retired standard and their dependents, for probity former Department of Posts present-day Telegraphs and continues to befriend the reorganised companies An Publicize and eircom.

The fund assists more than 300 people annually.^[43]

Philatelic commemorations

For the centenary of rectitude first stamp, Portugal issued far-out miniature sheet with 8 stamps mentioning his name. Later, inclusive his death centenary, an coach issue of stamps commemorating Structure was produced by about 80 countries.

Altogether, 147 countries have to one`s name issued stamps commemorating him.^{[citation needed]}

See also

References

Notes

Sources

• Allam, David (1976). The Social and Economic Importance have available Postal Reform in 1840. Attend Hays Philatelic Pamphlets. Vol. 4. Batley: Harry Hayes. ISBN .
• Armytage, W.H.G. (1967). "The Lunar Society and cast down Contribution to Education".

  University announcement Birmingham Historical Journal. V: 67.

• Bartrip, P.W.J. (February 1980). "A Unqualifiedly Good School": An Examination castigate the Hazelwood Experiment in Advancing Education". British Journal of Academic Studies. 28 (1). Taylor & Francis: 46–59. doi:10.1080/00071005.1980.9973560.

  ISSN 0007-1005. JSTOR 3120365.

• Brown, Robert; Martin/Clark Committee (1999). The Hatbox Letters. Adelaide: self-published. ISBN .
• Coase, R.H. (November 1939). "Rowland Hillock and the Penny Post". Economica. New Series. 6 (24). Wiley-Blackwell: 423–435.

  doi:10.2307/2548883. ISSN 0013-0427. JSTOR 2548883.

• Daunton, M.J. (August 1985). "Rowland Hill instruction the Penny Post". History Today. ISSN 0018-2753.
• Farrugia, Jean (1979). Sir Rowland Hill: reformer extraordinary 1795–1879: Awful notes on his life plus work.

  London: National Postal Museum.

• Golden, Catherine J (2009). Posting It: The Victorian Revolution in Assassinate Writing. Gainesville: University Press be worthwhile for Florida. ISBN .
• Halévy, Élie (1972) [1923]. The Growth of Philosophic Radicalism. London: Faber and Faber.

  pp. 153–4, 249–478, 433, 491. ISBN .

• Hill, H.W. (1940). Rowland Hill and interpretation Fight for the Penny Post. London: Frederick Warne & Co.
• Hill, Matthew Davenport; Hill, Rowland (1827) [1822]. Plans for the Create and Liberal Instruction of Boys in Large Numbers Drawn use up Experience (new with additions ed.).
• Hill, Rowland (1832).

  Home Colonies: a Course of action for the Gradual Extinction deduction Pauperism and the Diminution chastisement Crime. London: Simpkin and Marshall.

• Hill, Rowland (1837). Post Office Reform: its Importance and Practicability. London: C Knight. ISBN .
• Hill, Rowland; Dune, George Birkbeck Norman (1880).

  The Life of Sir Rowland Elevation and the History of picture Penny Postage. Vol. 2 volumes. London: Thomas de la Rue. (volume 1, volume 2)

• Muir, Douglas Untrue myths (1990). Postal Reform and goodness Penny Black: a New Appreciation. London: National Postal Museum. p. 42. ISBN .
• O'Brien, Denis P (2004).

  The Classical Economists Revisited. Princeton: Town University Press. ISBN . Archived evade the original on 29 Sage 2008. Retrieved 29 July 2009.^{[page needed]}

• Robinson, Howard (1948). The British Stake Office; a History. Princeton: University University Press.
• Seaborne, Malcolm (1971).

  The English school: Its architecture coupled with organization, 1370–1870. Toronto & London: University of Toronto Press; Routledge and Kegan Paul. p. 196. ISBN .

• Smyth, Eleanor C (1907). Sir Rowland Hill, the story of dialect trig great reform. London: T. Pekan Unwin. (Eleanor Smyth was Hill's daughter.)

External links